Qatar Foreign Policy Analysis in Taliban-United States Negotiations (2018–2019)
Abstract
On August 15, 2021, the United States and its allies withdrew from Afghanistan, followed by the return of the Taliban to power. The withdrawal was part of the Doha Agreement, which was the result of US-Taliban negotiations with Qatar as a mediator. This study aims to analyze Qatar's foreign policy and explain the goals, objectives, options, consequences, and choices behind Qatar's decision to mediate the US-Taliban negotiations. This study uses a qualitative research method. The results of this study indicate that the goals and objectives of Qatar's foreign policy are to secure itself from threats from the Gulf countries and to strengthen its political existence. This decision was taken after considering the options and their consequences. The first option is to sever ties with the Taliban with the consequence that the Taliban will not agree to negotiate with the United States. The second option is to become a mediator for the US-Taliban with the consequence that Qatar increases its regional presence while receiving protection from the United States from its neighboring countries.
Downloads
References
ABC News. (2014, Juni 5). White House: Yes, The Taliban Is a Terrorist Organization. [online]. Dalam: https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/white-house-taliban-terrorist-organization/story?id=23981888 [Diakses 22 Agustus 2023].
Akkad, D. (2021, September 13). How Qatar became the US-Taliban mediator - and what happens next. Middle East Eye, [online]. Dalam: https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/qatar-us-taliban-how-became- mediator-talks [Diakses 18 Oktober 2023].
Al Araby, A. (2021). Dawr al-Wasata fi Afghanistan. Youtube [online]. Dalam: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nRwAn4zVL7A [Diakses 18 Oktober 2023].
Alden, C., & Aran, A. (2017). Foreign Policy Analysis: New Aproaches. New York: Routledge.
Allison, G. T. (1969). Conceptual Models And The Cuban Missile Crisis. The American Political Science Review, [online] 63(3), 689-718. Dalam: doi:10.2307/1954423
Al Jazeera. (2017). Arab states issue 13 demands to end Qatar-Gulf crisis. [online]. Dalam: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/7/12/arab-states-issue-13-demands-to-end-qatar-gulf-crisis [Diakses 10 Oktober 2023].
Al Jazeera. (2017). Qatar hosted Taliban ‘at request of US government’. [online]. Dalam: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/6/11/qatar-hosted-taliban-at-request-of-us-government [Diakses 18 Oktober 2023].
Al Jazeera. (2017). Saudi Arabia and UAE ‘tried to host’ Taliban first. [online]. Dalam: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/8/12/saudi-arabia-and-uae-tried-to-host-taliban-first [Diakses 18 Oktober 2023].
Al Jazeera. (2018). Taliban meet US officials in United Arab Emirates. [online]. Dalam: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/12/17/taliban-meet-us-officials-in-united-arab-emirates [Diakses 10 Oktober 2023].
Al Jazeera. (2021). Qatar lauded for its role in Afghanistan evacuations. [online]. Dalam: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/30/qatar-emerges-as-key-player-in-afghanistan-after-us-pullout [Diakses 27 September 2023].
Al Sulaiti, H. E. (2024). Qatar Mediation Strategy: Afghanistan as A Case Study. [online]. Dalam: https://qspace.qu.edu.qa/handle/10576/51105 [Diakses 27 September 2023].
Amin, R., Awan, G. M., & Naseem, F. (2021). US-Taliban Negotiated Peace Accord: Analyzing the Future Prospects. Research Journal of Social Sciences & Economics Review, [online] 2(2) 164-170. Dalam: doi:https://doi.org/10.36902/rjsser-vol2-iss2-2021 [Diakses 11 November 2023].
Avenäs, S. (2016). Why the bear kicked the hornet’s nest: Causal processes of Russian foreign policy on Syria. Political Science 15 ECTS.
Balasubramanian, P. (2022). Reluctant or Pragmatic? The GCC’s Policy towards Taliban-Led Afganistan. Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs, [online] 1-15. Dalam: doi:10.1177/23477970221130654 [Diakses 18 Oktober 2023].
BBC. (2013). How Qatar came to host the Taliban. [online]. Dalam: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-23007401 [Diakses 22 Oktober 2023].
BBC. (2017). Qatar crisis: What you need to know. [online]. Dalam: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-40173757 [Diakses 18 Oktober 2023].
Cevy, A. I., & Batubara, A. (2022). Peran Qatar Sebagai Mediator Dalam Rekonsiliasi Konflik di Afghanistan Pada Tahun 2013 - 2021. Kajian Ilmu Sosial Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, 3(1), 9-15.
Christanti, N. F., Rosyidin, M., & Alfian, M. F. (2022). Dampak Open-Door Policy Terhadap Peristiwa Krisis Diplomatik. Journal of International Relations, 181 – 191.
Eland, I. (2017, September 5). Afganistan: The Only Good Strategy Is An Expiring One. [online]. Dalam: https://www.huffpost.com/entry/afganistan-the-only-good-strategy-is-an-expiring_b_59af39a4e4b0c50640cd62ef?ncid=engmodushpmg00000004 [Diakses 18 Oktober 2023].
Gall, C. (2004, November 13). World Briefing | Asia: Afganistan: Taliban Leader Vows Return. [online]. Dalam: https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/13/washington/world/world-briefing-asia-afganistan-taliban-leader-vows-return.html [Diakses 11 November 2023].
Gul, A. (2019, Maret 4). Qatar Appears Upbeat About US-Taliban Talks. VOA, [online]. Dalam: https://www.voanews.com/a/qatar-expects-us-taliban-talks-to-have-successful-outcome-very-soon-/4812426.html [Diakses 22 Agustus 2023].
Gulf News. (2017, Juni 23). What are the 13 demands given to Qatar? [online]. Dalam: https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/qatar/what-are-the-13-demands-given-to-qatar-1.2048118 [Diakses 5 September 2023].
Hodali, D. (2021). Why Qatar fosters close contact with the Taliban. Deutsche Welle, [online]. Dalam: https://www.dw.com/en/why-qatar-fosters-close-contact-with-the- taliban/a-59030146 [Diakses 11 November 2023].
Hudson, V. M. (2005). Foreign Policy Analysis: Actor-Specific Theory and the Ground of International Relations. Foreign Policy Analysis, [online] 1(1), 1-30. Dalam: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-8594.2005.00001.x [Diakses 5 September 2023].
Kafle, T. R. (2011). Making a Difference: Allison's Three Models of Foreign Policy Analysis. Nikosia: University of Nicosia.
Kamel, E., & Rinke, A. (2021). Qatar warns isolating Taliban could further destabilize Afghanistan. Reuters, [online]. Dalam: https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/qatar-foreign-minister-says-taliban-should-cooperate-fight-terrorism-2021-08-31/ [Diakses 18 Oktober 2023].
Kamrava, M. (2011). Mediation and Qatari Foreign Policy. MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL, [online] 65(4). Dalam: doi:10.3751/65.4.11 [Diakses 15 November 2023].
Katzman, K. (2022). Qatar: Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy. Congressional Research Service.
Kusumawijaya, K., & Machmudi, Y. (2022). "Qatar Foreign Policy in Middle East Conflict Mediation. Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, [online] 9(2). Dalam: doi:10.7454/meis.v9i2.149 [Diakses 18 Oktober 2023].
Lederman, J., & Sanchez, R. (2021). From pariah to partner: How Qatar's role in Afghanistan helped to restore U.S. relations. NBC NEWS, [online]. Dalam: https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/pariah-partner-how-qatar-s-role-afghanistan-helped-restore-u-n [Diakses 11 November 2023].
Lia, B., & Aggestam, L. (2023). Foreign Policy Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mashal, M. (2018). Taliban Talks Covered Fate of U.S. Military Presence in Afghanistan, Envoy Says. The New York Times, [online]. Dalam: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/20/world/asia/taliban-afghanistan-usa- military.html [Diakses 15 November 2023].
Milman, I. (2021). Qatar: Afghanistan's gateway to the West. [online]. Dalam: https://en.unav.edu/web/global-affairs/catar-la-puerta-de-afganistan-para-occidente [Diakses 18 Oktober 2023].
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2022). Qatar Announces Additional USD 25 Million Pledge to Support Humanitarian Response in Afghanistan. [online]. Dalam: https://mofa.gov.qa/en/qatar/latest-articles/latest-news/details/1443/08/28/qatar-announces-additional-usd-25-million-pledge-to-support-humanitarian-response-in-afghanistan [Diakses 18 Oktober 2023].
Mintz, A., & DeRouen Jr, K. (2018). The Rational Actor Model. Understanding Foreign Policy Decision Making, [online] 57-67. Dalam: doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511757761.004 [Diakses 5 September 2023].
Mu'min, Yulianti, D., & Sulaeman, O. (2021). Islam Nusantara and Religious Peacemaking: Nahdlatul Ulama’s Ideas in Creating Peace in Afganistan. Walisongo: Jurnal Riset Sosial Keagamaan, [online] 29(2), 181-210. Dalam: doi:10.21580/ws.29.2.8945 [Diakses 11 November 2023].
Naier, T. (2021). Qatar Soft Power: From Rising to the Crisis. International Journal of Business and Applied Social Science (IJBASS), [online] 7(8), 43-50. Dalam: doi:10.33642/ijbass.v7n8p6 [Diakses 22 Agustus 2023].
NATO. (2022). NATO provides security support to Qatar for 2022 Football World Cup. [online]. Dalam: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_196994.htm?selectedLocale=en [Diakses 15 November 2023].
Ola, T. P. (2021). United Nations’ Provisions for Pacific Settlement of International Disputes. Acta Universitatis Danubius. Relationes Internationales, [online] 14(2). Dalam: https://dj.univ-danubius.ro/index.php/AUDRI/article/view/1343 [Diakses 15 November 2023].
Qazi, S. (2019).‘Peace deal is near’: What we know so far about US-Taliban talks. Aljazeera. [online]. Dalam: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/8/13/peace-deal-is-near-what-we-know-so-far-about-us-taliban-talks [Diakses 12 Oktober 2023].
Qazi, S (2020). US, Taliban to sign deal aimed at bringing peace to Afganistan. Aljazeera. [online]. Dalam: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/2/29/us-taliban-to-sign-deal-aimed-at-bringing-peace-to-afganistan [Diakses 12 November 2023].
Regencia, T., Gadzo, M., & Uras, U. (2021). Kabul airport reopens to receive aid: Qatari envoy. Aljazeera. [online]. Dalam: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/4/us-seen-funding-afghan-humanitarian-aid-but-not-the-taliban [Diakses 11 November 2023].
Regencia, T., Pietromarchi, V., & Sidd, U. (2021). Qatar jet carrying technical team lands in Kabul: Live. Aljazeera. [online]. Dalam: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/1/biden-says-afghanistan-exit-marks-the-end-of-us-nation-building [Diakses 12 Oktober 2023].
Roberts, D. B. (2019). Reflecting On Qatar’s “Islamist” Soft Power. [online]. Berkley Center. Dalam: https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/FP_20190703_qatar_roberts.pdf [Diakses 10 Oktober 2023].
Steinberg, G. (2023). Decision-making processes, baselines, and strategies. SWP Research Paper, [online]. Dalam: doi:10.18449/2023RP04 [Diakses 12 Oktober 2023].
Tiwary, S. (2016). Understanding Taliban and the Peace Process. [online]. Dalam: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303924565_Understanding_Taliban_and_the_Peace_Process [Diakses 15 November 2023].
Wani, H. A. (2011). Understanding Conflict Resolution. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, [online] 1(2). Dalam: https://www.ijhssnet.com/journal/index/38 [Diakses 5 September 2023].
Wivel, A. (2017). Realism in Foreign Policy Analysis. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, [online]. Dalam: doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.01 [Diakses 22 Agustus 2023].
Yin, R. K. (2016). Qualitative Research: From Start to Finish. New York: The Guilford Press.
Zweiri, M., & Al Qawasmi, F. (2021). Contemporary Qatar Through the State and Society: An Introduction. Contemporary Qatar: Examining State and Society, [online]. Dalam: doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1391-3 [Diakses 10 Oktober 2023].
