Perbandingan Nitaqat dan Tawteen

Kebijakan Ketenagakerjaan di Arab Saudi dan Uni Emirat Arab

  • Safira Novia Safitry
  • Agus Haryanto
Keywords: Gulf Cooperation Council, Nitaqat, Saudi Arabia, Tawteen, United Arab Emirates

Abstract

This article discusses how two Arab Gulf countries, namely Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), implemented policies for foreign workers. Saudi Arabia and the UAE have the same regulations to limit foreign workers namely Nitaqat for Saudi Arabia and Tawteen for the United Arab Emirates. The purpose of this article is to explain the difference between the two policies which have become national-scale state policies. In analyzing it, the writer uses political comparison theory. The results of this study indicate that Saudi Arabia and the UAE have the same reason why they implement policies to restrict foreign workers. The limitation of foreign workers is a regional phenomenon of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries because these countries have started a sustainable development and paid attention to the importance of the labor sector which is reserved for citizens. In addition, the two countries have different experiences in the process of proposing policies related to the interests of the government and the industrial sector.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abu Dhabi Government (a). (2019). Emiratisation Programmes and Initiatives in Abu Dhabi. [online] Dalam: https://www.tamm.abudhabi/aspects-of-life/benefits-for-emiratis/employment/JobOpportunitiesforEmiratis/emiratisation-programmes-and-initiatives-in-abu-dhabi [Diakses 4 Sep 2019].

Al-Asmari, M.G.H. (2008). Saudi labor Force: Challenges and Ambitions. JKAU: Arts & Humanities, 16(2), 19-59.

Alshanbri, N. (2014). Nitaqat Program in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering IJIRAE, 1(10), 357-366.

Bel-Air, F. D (a). (2018). Demography, Migration, and the Labour Market in the UAE Gulf Labour Markets and Migration GLMM-EN-No.1/2018. [online] Dalam: https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/36375/GLMM_ExpNote_07_2015.pdf [Diakses 10 Nov 2019].

Bel-Air, F. D (b). (2018). Demography, Migration, and the Labour Market in Saudi Arabia. Gulf Labour Markets and Migration GLMM-EN-No.5/2018. [online] Dalam: http://gulfmigration.org/media/pubs/exno/GLMM_EN_2014_01.pdf. [Diakses 10 Nov 2019].

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2018). The World Factbook. Country Comparison: Crude Oil. [online] Dalam: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/262rank.html#SA [Diakses 20 Februari 2019].

Cordesman, A.H. (2003). Saudi Arabia Enters the 21st Century. California: Greenwood Publishing Group.

ey.com. (2017). Saudi Arabia revises Nitaqat system and introduces mandatory Saifi program as part of its Saudization drive. [online] Dalam: https://www.ey.com/gl/en/services/people-advisory-services/hc-alert--saudi-arabia-revises-nitaqat-system-and-introduces-mandatory-saifi-program-as-part-of-its-saudization-drive [Diakses 10 Nov 2019].

Fanack.com. (2018). Governance & Politics of UAE. [online] Dalam: https://fanack.com/united-arab-emirates/governance-and-politics-of-uae/ [Diakses 14 Nov 2019].

Fanack.com (2019). Governance & Politics of Saudi Arabia. [online] Dalam: https://fanack.com/saudi-arabia/governance-and-politics-of-ksa/ [Diakses 14 Nov 2019].

Focus Migration. (2012). The Gulf Cooperation Council States GCC. [online] Dalam: https://www.bpb.de/system/files/dokument_pdf/Country%20Profile%20GCC%20States_2012.pdf [Diakses 21 Juni 2019].

Forstenlechner, I., Madi, M.T., Selim, H.M., dan Rutledge, E.J. (2011). Emiratisation: determining the factors that influence the recruitment decisions of employers in the UAE. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 1-16.

Government.ae. (2019). Vision 2021 and Emiratisation. [online] Dalam: https://www.government.ae/en/information-and-services/jobs/vision-2021-and-emiratisation [Diakses 17 April 2019].

Gulf News. (2019). Work Permit Cost Cut for Some Companies, Says Ministry. [online]. Dalam: https://gulfnews.com/uae/government/work-permit-cost-cut-for-some-companies-says-ministry-1.64051194. [Diakses 25 September 2019].

Halliday, F. (1977). Labor Migration in the Middle East: Documents, Israeli Settlements. Middle East Research and Information Project Reports, 59, 1, 3–17.

Malit Jr, F.T,. dan Al Youha, A. (2013). Labor Migration In The United Arab Emirates: Challenges and Responses. Migration Policy, [online]. Dalam: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/labor-migration-united-arab-emirates-challenges-and-responses [Diakses 21 Okt 2019].

Mas’oed, M., dan MacAndrews, C. (1991). Perbandingan Sistem Politik. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.

Minister of Labor & Social Development. Unified Guidelines of Nitaqat Program. Jetro, [online]. Dalam: https://www.jetro.go.jp/ext_images/jfile/country/sa/invest_05/pdfs/sa10C010_nitaqat_program.pdf [Diakses 26 Sep 2019].

Ministry of Labor of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (a). (1994). Council of Ministers Decision No. 50 of 1994 on Saudisation. [online]. Dalam: https://gulfmigration.org/saudi-arabia-council-of-ministers-decision-no-50-of-1994-on-saudisation/?print=pdf. [Diakses 16 Juli 2019].

Ministry of Labour of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (b). (2011). Saudi Arabia: Ministerial Decision No. 4040 adopting Nitaqat Program. [online]. Dalam: https://gulfmigration.org/ministerial-decision-no-4040-adopting-nitaqat-program/?print=pdf. [Diakses 15 Maret 2019].

Ministry of Labor of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (c). (2011). Ministerial Decision No. 1/4687. [online]. Dalam: https://gulfmigration.org/saudi-arabia-ministerial-decision-no-14687/?print=pdf. [Diakses 16 Juli 2019].

Ministry of Labor of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (d). (2012). Ministerial Decision No. 1/5024. [online]. Dalam: https://gulfmigration.org/saudi-arabia-ministerial-decision-no-15024/?print=pdf. [Diakses 16 Juli 2019].

Ministry of Labour of United Arab Emirates (a). (2006). Ministerial Decision No. 286 of 2006 Regarding the Balance of Nationalisation Quotas for Private Sector Establishments. [online]. Dalam: https://gulfmigration.org/uaeministerial-decision-no-286-of-2006-regarding-the-balance-of-nationalisation-quotas-for-private-sector-establishments/?print=pdf. [Diakses 17 Juli 2019].

Ministry of Labour of United Arab Emirates (b). (2006). Ministerial Decision No. 92 of 2006. [online]. Dalam: https://gulfmigration.org/uae-ministerial-decision-no-92-of-2006-2/?print=pdf. [Diakses 17 Juli 2019].

Ministry of Labour of United Arab Emirates (c). (2010). Ministerial Resolution No. 1283 of 2010 Regarding the Licensing and Regulation of Private Recruitment Agencies. [online]. Dalam: https://gulfmigration.org/7305-2/?print=pdf. [Diakses 17 Juli 2019].

Ministry of Labour of United Arab Emirates (d). (2015). Minister of Labour’s decree 764 of 2015. [online]. Dalam: https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/101785/122814/F2100407659/Ministerial%20Decree%20764%20on%20Standard%20Employment%20.pdf. [Diakses 27 Juni 2019].

Ministry of Labour of United Arab Emirates (e). (2015). Minister of Labour’s decree 765 of 2015. [online]. Dalam: https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/101784/122812/F568540522/Ministerial%20Decree%20765%20of%202015%20on%20the%20terminati.pdf. [Diakses 27 Juni 2019].

Ministry of Labour of United Arab Emirates (f). (2015). Minister of Labour’s decree 766 of 2015. [online]. Dalam: https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/101783/122810/F695573065/Ministerial%20Decree%20766%20of%202015%20on%20Rules%20and%20Con.pdf. [Diakses 27 Juni 2019].

Momami, B. (2008). GCC Oil Exporters and the Future of Dollar. New Political Economy, 13(3), 293-314.

Moshashai, D. (2018). National Visions as Instrument of Soft-Power in the Gulf Region: The Case of The UAE and its “Vision 2021”. Academia, [online]. Dalam: https://www.academia.edu/36806333/UAE_Vision_2021 [Diakses 23 Sep 2019].

Newton, K., dan Deth, J.W.V. (2016). Perbandingan Sistem Politik. Bandung: Penerbit Nusa Media.

Nuruzzaman, M. (2018). Saudi Arabia's 'Vision 2030': Will It Save Or Sink the Middle East. E-International Relations, [online] Dalam: https://www.e-ir.info/2018/07/10/saudi-arabias-vision-2030-will-it-save-or-sink-the-middle-east/ [Diakses 15 Sep 2019].

Peck, J. R. (2017). Can Hiring Quotas Work? The Effect of the Nitaqat Program on the Saudi Private Sector. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 92, 316-347.

Randeree, Kasim. (2012). Workforce Nationalizaion in the Gulf Cooperation Council States. Academia, [online] Dalam: https://www.academia.edu/10371499/Workforce_Nationalization_in_the_Gulf_Cooperation_Council_States?email_work_card=view-paper [Diakses 10 Nov 2019].

Simmons, M.R. (2005). Twilight In The Desert: The Coming Oil Saudi Shock and The World Economy. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Stevens, P. (2016). Economic Reform in the GCC: Privatization as a Panacea for Declining Oil Wealth?. Chathamhouse, [online] Dalam: https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/publications/research/2016-12-13-economic-reform-gcc-privatization-stevens.pdf [Diakses 3 Sep 2019].

Stevens, Paul. (2016). Economic Reform in the GCC: Privatization as a Panacea for Declining Oil Wealth?. Chathamhouse, [online] Dalam: https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/publications/research/2016-12-13-economic-reform-gcc-privatization-stevens.pdf [Diakses 3 Sep 2019].

The Economist. (2013). Impediments to Emiratisation. [online] Dalam: http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=1320994916 [Diakses 14 Nov 2019].

UN DESA. (2017). International Migration Report 2017. [online] Dalam: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/migrationreport/docs/MigrationReport2017.pdf [Diakses 17 April 2019].

United Arab Emirates Ministry of Human Resources & Emiratisation (a). 2019. Tawteen Partners Club. [online]. Dalam: https://www.mohre.gov.ae/en/tawteen-gate/tawteen-club/controls-and-provisions.aspx. [Diakses 25 September 2019].

United Arab Emirates Ministry of Human Resources & Emiratisation (b). (2018). About Us. [online] Dalam: https://www.mohre.gov.ae/en/about-us/mohre-strategy.aspx [Diakses 25 Sep 2019].

United Arab Emirates Ministry of Human Resources & Emiratisation (c). (2019). Tawteen Partners Club. [online] Dalam: https://www.mohre.gov.ae/en/tawteen-gate/tawteen-club/tawteen-club-benefits.aspx [Diakses 25 Sep 2019].

Velocity Global. (2018). Iqama Basics: What You Need to Know. [online] Dalam: https://velocityglobal.com/blog/iqama-basics-need-know/ [Diakses 25 Sep 2019].

Wynbrandt, J. (2014). A Brief History of Saudi Arabia. New York: Infobase Publishing.

Published
2019-12-30
How to Cite
Safitry, S., & Haryanto, A. (2019). Perbandingan Nitaqat dan Tawteen. Jurnal ICMES, 3(2), 160-183. https://doi.org/10.35748/jurnalicmes.v3i2.53