Efek CNN dalam Perang Yaman
Abstract
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis keterlibatan Amerika Serikat (AS) dalam Perang Yaman yang telah terjadi sejak 2015 dengan menggunakan teori ‘Efek CNN’. Dalam makalah ini, peneliti menganalisis dokumen dan pemberitaan media massa serta melakukan analisis wacana terhadap berita media arus utama AS, yaitu CNN dan New York Times. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa CNN dan New York Times tidak melakukan pemberitaan yang proporsional mengenai Perang Yaman sehingga opini publik tidak banyak menghiraukan perang ini dan tidak mendorong adanya tindakan lebih lanjut dari pemerintah AS untuk menghentikan perang. Hal ini sejalan dengan adanya kepentingan ekonomi-politik AS di Yaman serta dukungan AS kepada Arab Saudi.
References
Ahmed, N. (2016). Saudi war for Yemen oil pipeline is empowering al-Qaeda. Middle East Eye, [Online] Dalam: https://www.middleeasteye.net/essays/saudi-war-yemen-oil-pipeline-empowering-al-qaeda-1386143996. [Diakses 10 Oktober 2018].
Al Jazeera. (2017). Yemen: Who was Ali Abdullah Saleh?. Aljazeera, [Online] Dalam: https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/spotlight/yemen/2011/02/201122812118938648.html.
[Diakses 11 Oktober 2018].
Allana, A. (2017). How War Created the Cholera Epidemic in Yemen. New York Times, [Online] Dalam: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/12/opinion/cholera-war-yemen.html. [Diakses 10 Oktober 2018].
Almasmari, S. E. S. Hakim., & Qiblawi, T. (2018). Saudi-led strike kills dozens of children on school field trip in Yemen. Edition, [Online] Dalam:https://edition.cnn.com/2018/08/09/middleeast/yemen-bus-intl/index.html. [Diakses 9 Oktober 2018].
Almosawa, S. (2018). Hidden Wounds of Yemen’s War. New York Times, [Online] Dalam: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/23/opinion/sana-houthis-saudi-emirates-yemen-bombing-poverty-war.html. [Diakses 10 Oktober 2018]
Almosawa, B. H. Shuaib. (2018). Saudi Coalition Airstrike Hits School Bus in Yemen, Killing Dozens. New York Times, [Online] Dalam: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/09/world/middleeast/yemen-airstrike-school-bus-children.html [Diakses 17 September 2018].
Amnesty International. (2015). Yemen: The Forgotten War. Amnesty, [Online] Dalam: https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/09/yemen-the-forgotten-war/
[Diakses 2 Oktober 2018]
Batati, S. A. (2014). Who Are the Houthis in Yemen?. Aljazeera, [Online] Dalam: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/08/yemen-houthis-hadi-protests-201482132719818986.html. [Diakses 24 April 2017].
Bazzi, M. (2018). The War in Yemen is disastrous. America is only making things worse. The Guardian, [Online] Dalam: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jun/11/trump-yemen-saudi-arabi-war-us-involvement-worsening-crisis. [Diakses 8 Oktober 2018].
Blanchard, J. M. S. a. C. M. (2018). The War in Yemen: A Compilation of Legislation in the 115th Congress. Congressional Research Service.
Cabural, M. (2015). Yemen Conflict: Which Countries Support And Oppose Saudi Arabia. Valuewalk, [Online] Dalam: https://www.valuewalk.com/2015/03/yemen-vs-saudi-arabia/ [Diakses 14 September 2018].
Chaim, W. M. Gabriel., & Walsh, Nick Paton. (2018). Rare drone footage captures life amid the rubble in war-torn city. Edition, [Online] Dalam: https://edition.cnn.com/2018/08/02/middleeast/yemen-sanaa-drone-footage-intl/index.html. [Diakses 9 Oktober 2018].
Defense Security Cooperation Agency. (2015). Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) – Ammunition for the Royal Saudi Land Forces (RSLF). [Online] Dalam: http://www.dsca.mil/major-arms-sales/kingdom-saudi-arabia-ksa-ammunition-royal-saudi-land-forces-rslf. [Diakses 9 Oktober 2018].
Egypt Today. (2017). How did Qatar back the Houthis in Yemen?. Egypt Today, [Online] Dalam: https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/2/15264/How-did-Qatar-back-the-Houthis-in-Yemen. [Diakses 9 Oktober 2018].
Filipovic, J. (2018). America's silence makes it complicit in Saudi bombing of Yemeni children. Edition, [Online] Dalam: https://edition.cnn.com/2018/08/14/opinions/mike-pompeo-saudi-bombing-of-yemen-children-filipovic/index.html. [Diakses 9 Oktober 2018].
Gladstone, R. (2018). Saudis Deny Role in Attacks That Killed Civilians in Yemeni Port. New york Times, [Online] Dalam: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/03/world/middleeast/saudi-yemen-port-attack.html. [Diakses 9 Oktober 2018].
Hartung, W. D. (2016). U.S. Arms Transfers to Saudi Arabia and the War in Yemen, Washington, D.C,: Center for International Policy.
Haryatmoko. (2016). Critical Discourse Analysis: Landasan Teori, Metodologi, dan Penerapan. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada.
International Institute for Strategic Studies, (2016). The Military Balance 2016. London: Routledge Press.
Kalfood, M. C. Mohammed Ali.(2018). Dozens of Dead in Yemen, and Blame Pointing in Both Directions. New York Times, [Online] Dalam: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/06/world/middleeast/yemen-port-attack.html [Diakses 11 Oktober 2018].
Livingston, S. (1997). Clarifying the CNN Effect: An Examination of Media Effect According to Type of Military Intervention. Cambridge: The Joan Shorenstein Center Research on the Press.
Marshall, R. (2015). Why Exactly Is the US at War in Yemen?. Truthout, [Online] Dalam: https://truthout.org/articles/why-exactly-is-the-us-at-war-in-yemen/ [Diakses 8 Oktober 2018].
Martinez, E. M. a. L. (2016). The US Role in Yemen: What You Need to Know. ABC News, [Online]
Dalam: https://abcnews.go.com/International/us-role-yemen/story?id=42780004 [Diakses 11 Oktober 2018].
McKenzie, D. N. a. S. (2018). The Yemen war is the world's worst humanitarian crisis, UN says. Edition, [Online] Dalam: https://edition.cnn.com/2018/04/03/middleeast/yemen-worlds-worst-humanitarian-crisis-un-intl/index.html [Diakses 11 Oktober 2018].
McNeill, S. (2017). Joint exercise with Saudis during Yemen blockade 'taints' Australian Navy, say aid groups. ABC, [Online] Dalam: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-11-15/ran-exercise-with-saudis-criticised/9152438 [Diakses 11 Oktober 2018].
Ministry of Foreign Affairs Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (2017). Saudi Arabia and The Yemen Conflict, Riyadh: ministry of foreign affairs kingdom of saudi arabia.
Munayyer, N. E. Waffa., & Said-Moorhouse, L. (2018). Yemen's parents search through the dead for their children after strike. Edition, [Online] Dalam: https://edition.cnn.com/2018/08/10/middleeast/yemen-airstrike-father-intl/index.html [Diakses 18 September 2018].
Nye, J. S. (1999). Redefining NATO's Mission in the Information Age. NATO Review (Web Edition), pp. 12-15.
OHCHR. (2017). Yemen. [Online] Dalam: https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/yemen [Diakses 2 Oktober 2018].
Robinson, P. (1999). The CNN Effect: Can the News Media Drive Foreign Policy?. Review of International Studies, pp. 301-309.
Sekarwati, S. (2018). Bom yang Menyerang Bus Sekolah di Yaman Buatan Amerika Serikat. Tempo, [Online] Dalam: https://dunia.tempo.co/read/1116557/bom-yang-menyerang-bus-sekolah-di-yaman-buatan-amerika-serikat [Diakses 12 Oktober 2018].
Shakdam, C. (2016). Saudi Arabia’s Slaughter of Yemen Fueled By Oil Interests Not Democracy. Mint Press News, [Online] Dalam: https://www.mintpressnews.com/saudi-arabias-slaughter-yemen-fueled-oil-interests-not-democracy/215207/ [Diakses 17 September 2018].
Sharp, J. M. (2018). Yemen: Civil War and Regional Intervention. Congressional Research Service.
The New Arab. (2015). A tangle of conflicts and geopolitical ambitions in Yemen. Al Araby, [Online] Dalam: https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/comment/2015/4/5/a-tangle-of-conflicts-and-geopolitical-ambitions-in-yemen [Diakses 18 September 2018].
UN News. 2018. Yemen: Tackling the world’s largest humanitarian crisis. [Online]
Dalam: https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/09/1020232 [Diakses 18 September 2018].
