Two-Faced Threat:

Human Security and Foreign Terrorist Fighters in Syrian Conflict

  • Teduh Gentar Alam Prodi Hubungan Internasional Universitas Padjadjaran
Keywords: foreign terrorist fighters, human security, Indonesia, ISIS, terrorism

Abstract

Foreign terrorist fighters (FTF) is a security threat that now becomes the attention of many countries, especially after the rapid expansion of ISIS in Syrian conflict. Terrorism has been chosen as a violent tactic by FTF when they are part of their organization to express and achieve their political aspirations and agendas. This study uses the human security approach to explain the FTF phenomenon. The concept of terrorism and FTF is also explained to complete the analysis. This research uses the qualitative method by conducting in-depth interviews with several ex-FTF sources. This study finds that when FTF become a human security threat to people outside their group, at the same time FTF also perceive a threat to themselves, their thoughts, and their community. Because of that, counterterrorism efforts in Indonesia need to use human security approach and mitigate human security threats as perceived by both FTF and people at risk becoming FTF.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Aaronson, M. (1986). Terrorism or Freedom Fighting? A Minefield of International Relations. International Relations, [online] 8(6), 611-638. Dalam DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/004711788600800606 [Diakses 1 April 2022].

Adyatama, E. (2021). Pelaku Teror Mabes Polri Dinilai Terinspirasi Teroris Makassar", Tempo [online]. Dalam URL:https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1448193/pelaku-teror-mabes-polri-dinilai-terinspirasi-teroris-makassar [Diakses 28 Juni 2022].

Akbar, T. et al., 2020. Potensi Ancaman Asimetris Pada Foreign Fighter Returnees di Indonesia. Jurnal Politica: Dinamika Masalah Politik Dalam Negeri dan Hubungan Internasional, [online] 11(2), 183-202. DOI:dx.doi.org/10.22212/jp.v11i2.1770 [Diakses 1 April 2022].

Baker, K., & Coulter, A. (2007). Terrorism and Tourism: The Vulnerability of Beach Vendors' Livelihoods in Bali. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, [online] 15(3), 249-266. Dalam DOI:10.2167/jost643.0 [Diakses 1 April 2022].

Bardwell, H., & Iqbal, M. (2020). The Economic Impact of Terrorism from 2000 to 2018. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, {online] 27(2), 227-261. Dalam DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2020-0031 [Diakses 1 April 2022].

Baxter, K., & Davidson, R. (2016). Foreign Terrorist Fighters: Managing a Twenty-First Century Threat. Third World Quarterly, [online] 37(8), 1299-1313. Dalam DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2016.1159127 [Diakses 1 April 2022].

Ceron, A. et al. (2019). ISIS at Its Apogee: The Arabic Discourse on Twitter and What We Can Learn From That About ISIS Support and Foreign Fighters. SAGE Open, [online] 1-14. Dalam DOI: 10.1177/2158244018789229 [Diakses 1 April 2022].

Chowanietz, C. (2010). Rallying Around the Flag or Railing Against the Government? Political Parties’ Reactions to Terrorist Acts. Party Politics, [online] 17(5), 673-698. Dalam DOI:10.1177/1354068809346073 [Diakses 1 April 2022].

Cohen-Louck, K. (2019). Perception of the Threat of Terrorism. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, [online] 34(5), 887-911. Dalam DOI:10.1177/0886260516646091 [Diakses 1 April 2022].

Cragin, R. K. (2017). The Challenge of Foreign Fighter Returnees. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, [online] 33(3), 292-312. Dalam DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986217697872 [Diakses 1 April 2022].

Crelinsten, R. (2021). Terrorism, Democracy, and Human Security: A Communication Model. London dan New York: Routledge.

Feldman, M. (2013). Comparative Lone Wolf Terrorism: Toward a Heuristic Definition. Democracy and Security, [online] 9(3), 270-286. Dalam DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2013.792252 [Diakses 1 April 2022].

Ganor, B. (2002). Defining Terrorism: Is One Man's Terrorist another Man's Freedom Fighter? Police Practice and Research: An International Journal, [online] 3(4), 287-304. Dalam DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1561426022000032060 [Diakses 1 April 2022].

Hegghammer, T. (2010). The Rise of Muslim Foreign Fighters: Islam and the Globalization of Jihad. International Security, [online] 35(3), 53-94. Dalam DOI:https://doi.org/10.1162/ISEC_a_00023 [Diakses 1 April 2022].

Hunter, L. Y. (2016). Terrorism, Civil Liberties, and Political Rights: A Cross-National Analysis. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, [online] 39(2), 165-193. Dalam DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2015.1084165 [Diakses 1 April 2022].

International Center for the Study of Radicalization. (2018). From Daesh to ‘Diaspora’: Tracing the Women and Minors of Islamic State. [online] International Center for the Study of Radicalization. Dalam URL:https://icsr.info/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Women-in-ISIS-report_20180719_web.pdf [Diakses 1 April 2022].

Juwana, H. (2014). Anti-Terrorism Efforts in Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of International Law, [online] 11(2), 151-176. Dalam DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.17304/ijil.vol11.2.273 [Diakses 1 April 2022].

Kadivar, J. (2020). Exploring Takfir, Its Origins and Contemporary Use: The Case of Takfiri Approach in Daesh’s Media. Contemporary Review of the Middle East, [online] 7(3), 259-285. Dalam DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/2347798920921706 [Diakses 1 April 2022].

Kurniawan, N. I., & Rye, S. A. (2014). Online Environmental Activism and Internet Use in the Indonesian Environmental Movement. Information Development, 30(3), 200-212. Dalam DOI:10.1177/0266666913485260 [Diakses 1 April 2022]

Laqueur, W. {2017}. A History of Terrorism. London dan New York: Routledge.

Liputan 6. (2003). Dan Tiaraplah Alumni Afghanistan. Liputan 6 [online]. Tersedia dalam URL:https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/64668/dan-tiaraplah-alumni-afghanistan [Diakses 29 Juni 2022].

Malet, D. (2010). Why Foreign Fighters? Historical Perspectives and Solutions. Orbis, [online] 54(1), 97-114. Dalam DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2009.10.007 [Diakses 1 April 2022].

Milton, D. (2020). Lessons from September 11 About the Post-Conflict Threat Posed by Foreign Terrorist Fighters. Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, [online] 15(2), 136-153. Dalam DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/18335330.2020.1725097 [Diakses 1 April 2022].

Nasution, B. I. et al. (2020). Investment and Unemployment Reduction: An Empirical Study of Indonesia using Panel Data Regression. dalam Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Applied Economics and Social Science (ICAESS 2020) - Shaping a Better Future Through Sustainable Technology, 71-79. Batam: SCITEPRESS.

Nguyen, D. T. et al. (2021). Terrorist Attacks and Corporate Investment in Indonesia. Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan, [online] 24(1), 53-70. Dalam DOI:https://doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v24i1.1283 [Diakses 1 April 2022].

Octavianto, L. T. (2022). Wawancara dengan penulis pada 13 April 2022.

Orehek, E., & Vazeou-Nieuwenhuis, A. (2014). Understanding the Terrorist Threat: Policy Implications of a Motivational Account of Terrorism. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, [online] 1(1), 248–255. Dalam DOI:10.1177/2372732214549747 [Diakses 1 April 2022].

Owen, T. (2004). Human Security – Conflict, Critique and Consensus: Colloquium Remarks and a Proposal for a Threshold-Based Definition. Security Dialogue, [online] 35(3), 373-387. Dalam DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010604047555 [Diakses 1 April 2022].

PBS News Desk. (2021). A Historical Timeline of Afghanistan, [online]. Dalam URL:https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/asia-jan-june11-timeline-afghanistan [Diakses 28 Juni 2022].

Phillips, C. (2022). The International System and the Syrian Civil War. International Relations [online] 1-24. Dalam DOI:10.1177/00471178221097908 [Diakses 1 April 2022].

Sandhiyudha, A. (2016). KontraTerorisme Di Asia Tenggara: Pendekatan Hardline. Jurnal Politica: Dinamika Masalah Politik Dalam Negeri dan Hubungan Internasional, [online] 7(2), 174-188. Dalam URL:https://jurnal.dpr.go.id/index.php/politica/article/view/1130 [Diakses 1 April 2022].

Schmid, A. P. (2004). Frameworks for Conceptualising Terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence, [online] 16(2), 197-221. Dalam DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550490483134 [Diakses 1 April 2022].

Schmid, A. P. (2005). Root Causes of Terrorism: Some Conceptual Notes, a Set of Indicators, and a Model. Democracy and Security, [online] 1(2), 127-136. Dalam DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17419160500321139 [Diakses 1 April 2022].

Setiawan, T. et al. (2021). Support for Interreligious Conflict in Indonesia: Tests of Theories on Interethnic Threat and Distrust versus Contact. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, [online] 15: 1-14. Dalam DOI:10.1177/1834490921993295 [Diakses 1 April 2022].

Shukri, S. F. (2019). The Perception of Indonesian Youths toward Islamophobia: An Exploratory Study. Islamophobia Studies Journal, [online] 5(1), 61-75. Dalam DOI:10.13169/islastudj.5.1.0061 [Diakses 1 April 2022].

Steele, J. (2012). Ghosts of Afghanistan: The Haunted Battleground. London: Portobello Books.

Suryadi, M., & Timur, F. G., 2018. Fronting the Return of Foreign Terrorist Fighters: the Rise and Fall of ASEAN Border Cooperation to Combat Non-Traditional Threats. Jurnal Hubungan Internasional, [online] 7(1), 69-80. Dalam DOI:https://doi.org/10.18196/hi.71126 [Diakses 1 April 2022].

Sutrisno. (2022). Wawancara dengan penulis pada 13 April 2022.

Timur, F. G., & Yani, Y. M. (2019). Facing ISIS Returning Foreign Terrorist Fighters: Indonesian Perspective. Jurnal Pertahanan, [online] 5(2), 38-47. Dalam DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.33172/jp.v5i2.553 [Diakses 1 April 2022].

Umar, M. S. (2022). Wawancara dengan penulis pada 16 April 2022.

United Nations Analytical Support and Sanctions Monitoring Team. (2015). Analysis and Recommendations with Regard to the Global Threat from Foreign Terrorist Fighters. New York: United Nations Security Council.

United Nations Development Programme. (2020). Entry and Exit Points: Violent Extremism in South-East Asia. [online] Dalam URL: https://www.undp.org/publications/entry-and-exit-points-violent-extremism-south-east-asia [Diakses 1 April 2022].

United Nations Development Programme. (1994). Human Development Report 1994. [online] Dalam URL:https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-1994 [Diakses 1 April 2022].

Utomo, A. P. (2021). Taliban Kuasai Afghanistan, Patutkah Indonesia Khawatir Akan Potensi Teror? Kompas [online]. Dalam URL:https://internasional.kompas.com/read/2021/08/17/183551570/taliban-kuasai-afghanistan-patutkah-indonesia-khawatir-akan-potensi?page=all [Diakses 28 Juni 2022].

Weggemans, D. et al. (2014). Who Are They and Why Do They Go? The Radicalisation and Preparatory Processes of Dutch Jihadist Foreign Fighters. Perspectives on Terrorism, [online] 8(4), 100-110. Dalam URL:https://www.jstor.org/stable/26297200 [Diakses 1 April 2022].

Wicaksana, I. G. (2019). Militarising Counterterrorism in Southeast Asia: Incompatibilities and Implications for ASEAN. European Journal of East Asian Studies, [online] 18(2), 205-235. Dalam URL:https://www.jstor.org/stable/26297200 [Diakses 1 April 2022].

Williams, B. G. (2011). On the Trail of the ‘Lions of Islam’: Foreign Fighters in Afghanistan and Pakistan, 1980-2010. Orbis, [online] 55(2), 216-239. Dalam DOI:10.1016/j.orbis.2011.01.004 [Diakses 1 April 2022].

Yulianti, D. & Sumadinata, R. W. (2018). Terorisme di Suriah dan Implementasi Arms Trade Treaty. Jurnal ICMES, [online] 2(1), 1-24. Dalam DOI: https://doi.org/10.35748/jurnalicmes.v2i1.17 [Diakses 1 April 2022].

Published
2024-06-29
How to Cite
Alam, T. (2024). Two-Faced Threat:. Jurnal ICMES, 8(1), 45-64. https://doi.org/10.35748/jurnalicmes.v8i1.193