Masa Depan Demokrasi Mesir Pasca-Arab Spring
Abstract
This research discusses the progress of democracy in Egypt after the Arab Spring.
When the Arab Spring expanded in the Middle East to Egypt, it was considered the
beginning of a transition towards a country managed by the concept of democracy.
The Arab Spring, which has been in turmoil since early 2011, has become the
beginning of the rise of a mass movement to demand changes in the socio-political
order. The Arab Spring in Egypt was initially expected to create a democracy that
guaranteed equality and social justice. However, Egypt has failed to implement
democracy and is left behind in almost all sectors of life, including economy.
Instead of democracy, what is happening in Egypt is praetorianism, namely the
military that dominates state decision-making, and frozen democracy, namely the
freezing of a democratic political system that has developed due to various existing
restrictions.
Downloads
References
Agastya, M. (2013). Badai Revolusi Timur Tegah yang Penuh Darah. Yogyakarta: IRSiSoD.
Agrawal, R. (2022). Al-Sisi’s Egypt: A Mirage of Democracy. [online] Chicago Policy
Review. Dalam: https://chicagopolicyreview.org/2022/12/19/al-sisis-egypt-amirage-of-democracy/ [Diakses 5 Januari 2023].
Alasdair, D. (1985). Political Geogrhapy in North Africa and Middle East. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Al-Amin, E. (19 Juli 2013). The Grand Scam: Spinning Egypt’s Military Coup Counter.
[online] Global Research. Dalam: https://globalresearch.ca/the-grand-scamspinning-egypts-military-coup/5343280?pdf=5343280 [Diakses 10 Februari 2023].
CIHRS.org (Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies). (2023). Egypt’s 2024 Presidential
Elections: A Dead End. [online] Dalam: https://cihrs.org/egypts-2024-presidentialelections-a-dead-end/?lang=en [Diakses 10 Februari 2023].
Dahl, Robert A. (1971). Polyarchy: Participation and opposition, New Haven: Yale
University Press.
Dam, S. (2001). Militer dan Demokratisasi di Nigeria, Mesir dan Afrika Selatan. Jakarta:
P2PLIPI
El-Sherif, Ashraf. (2014). Egypt’s Post-Mubarak Predicament. [online] Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace. Dalam:
https://carnegieendowment.org/2014/01/29/egypt-s-post-mubarak-predicamentpub-54328 [Diakses 8 Februari 2023].
Hitti, PK. (2001). Sejarah Ringkas Dunia Arab. Yogyakarta: Iqra’ Pustaka.
Huntington, S. (2005). The Third Wave. London: Lynne Rienner Publisher.
Iqbal, Muhammad., dan Sayomukti, Nurani. (2011). Ben Ali, Mubarak, Khadafy:
Pergolakan Politik Jazirah Arab Abad 21. Bandung: Medium.
Jatmika, S. (2014). Pengantar Studi Kawasan Timur Tengah. Yogyakarta: Maharsa
Kamrava, Mehran. (2014). Beyond The Arab Spring: The Evolving Ruling Bargain In The
Middle East. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kuncahyono, T. (2013), Musim Semi di Suriah. Jakarta: Kompas.
Kuncahyono, T (2013). Tahrir Square: Jantung Revolusi Mesir. Jakarta: Kompas Media
Nusantara.
Lubis, A. (2011). Perubahan Sosial-Politik di Timur Tengah. Jurnal Luar Negeri Perubahan
di Timur Tengah dan Afrika.
Mahmuzar. (2013). Sistem Pemerintahan Indonesia. Bandung: Nusa Media.
Markoff, John. (2002). Gelombang Demokrasi Dunia; Gerakan Sosial Dan Perubahan
Politik. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Nordlinger, Eric A. (1990). Militer Dalam Politik . Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Rustow, Dankwart A. (1970). Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model. Jurnal
Comparative Politics, [online] 2(3), 337-363. Dalam:
https://www.jstor.org/stable/421307 [Diakses 4 Januari 2023]
Sahdan, G. (2004). Jalan Transisi Demokrasi Pasca Soeharto. Jogjakarta: Podok Edukasi.
Sahide, A. (2015). The Arab Spring: Membaca Kronologi dan Faktor Penyebabnya. Jurnal
Hubungan Internasional, [online] 4(2), 118-129. Dalam:
https://doi.org/10.18196/hi.2015.0072.118-129 [Diakses 15 Maret 2023].
Said Ali, Asad. (2012). Ideologi Gerakan Masa Reformasi Gerakan-Gerakan Sosial Politik
Dalam Tinjauan Ideologis. Jakarta: renada Media Grup.
Sau, Ranjit. (2004). Democracy and Reform: Voices in West Asia. Economic and Political
Weekly, [online] 39(38), 18-24. Dalam: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4415556 [Diakses
April 2023].
Sihbudi, R. (2007). Menyandera Timur Tengah. Bandung: Mizan.
Tamburaka, Apriadi. (2011). Revolusi Timur Tengah, Kejatuhan Para Penguasa Otoriter
di Negara-Negara Timur Tengah. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Narasi.
Ubaedillah, A. (2015). Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan (Civic Education) Pancasila,
demokrasi Dan Pencegahan Korupsi. Jakarta: Prenada Media Group.
Ubaedillah, A & Rozak, A. (2006). Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan: Demokrasi, Hak Asasi
Manusia, dan Masyarakat Madani. Jakarta: ICCE UIN Syarif Hidayatullah.
Utami, Afini Nurdina., dan Anam, S. (2022). Dominasi Militer Dalam Politik Dan
Pemerintahan di Mesir: Kegagalan Demokratisasi di Mesir Pada Kudeta 2013. Jurnal
Review of International Relations (RIR), [online] 4(2), 132-142. Dalam:
https://doi.org/10.24252/rir.v4i2.29249 [Diakses 10 Maret 2023]
Yumitro, G., dan Estriani, H. N. (2017). The Quo Vadis of Democratization in Post-Egypt
Arab Spring. CIRR, [online] 23(79), 157-188. Dalam:
https://cirrj.org/index.php/cirrj/article/view/203/202 [Diakses 10 Maret 2023]